Bon marché - French Expression

Bon marchã © - French Expression Articulation: Bon marchã © Elocution: [ bo(n) damage shay] Which means: modest, modest Strict interpretation: great arrangement Register: ordinary Notes The French articulation bon marchã © may be interpreted by either reasonable or modest. Like the last mentioned, bon marchã © can be both positive (demonstrating a sensible cost) and negative (offending the items quality). Bon marchã © is perpetual in sex and number: it doesn't change to concur with the thing it alters. Models  â â Je cherche un cadeau bon marchã ©.    Im searching for an economical blessing.   â â Avez-vous des voitures bon marchã © ?    Do you have any modest vehicles? Be that as it may, bon marchã © can be made similar and standout:  â â Je prã ©fã ¨re la tã ©lã ©vision meilleur marchã ©, mã ªme si elle est un peu in addition to unimposing.    I favor the less expensive TV, despite the fact that its somewhat littler.   â â Il an achetã © les chaussures les meilleur marchã ©.    He purchased the most economical shoes. ​Synonyms (Positive and Negative) un bon affinity qualitã ©-prix - great valueune bonne affaire - great dealun prix avantageux - deal pricepas cher - inexpensiveune mauvaise affaire - terrible dealla pacotille - modest bit of garbage More Articulations with bonFrench shopping vocabularyMost regular French phrasesInvariable modifiers

The Journal of Community Informatics

Presentation The world has seen a ton of cataclysmic events to endure forever. These calamities leave us with ‘spill over’ impacts that could keep going for a long time. Our assets are exhausted; we lose billions worth of property and resources and, to top it all off, we lose innumerable lives. These can be credited to the ineptness of a nation in confronting the consequence of catastrophic events. The degree of annihilation after a cataclysmic event depends on the size of the calamity, yet on the nature of foundation development and debacle readiness in territories where these fiascos tend to hit.Anderson Cooper, a columnist during Hurricane Katrina’s wake in the United States says that hunger, dead bodies left in the city and the harms done on properties show what ineptness can do. Lakoff includes that â€Å"we are not prepared† for different tragic occasions that may follow, regardless of whether tornado or tropical storm or flood. It is basic for us to realize how to get ready and what sort of cataclysmic event we have to plan for (06). Be that as it may, there is by all accounts poor coordination between the nearby and focal government with regards to planning for these disasters.Debates resulted about who does its duties and who doesn't. Coordination between these two offices must be set up in the event that we are to limit or be set up for any episodes (Tufton 05). Gurstein (05) says that transmission of data is significant in being set up for the calamities. He includes that whatever mechanical methods accessible should clear a path for yields that can be deciphered and utilized adequately at the nearby level. Besides, cautioning frameworks and readiness ought to be bolstered even in the nearby level to permit the networks to â€Å"absorb and adjust such data into ways that could be locally useful.† According to the constructionist investigate, sorted out cases making exercises produce methods of characterizing and mark ing characteristic dangers and debacles. This implies social procedures that offer method to government funded instruction about calamities are critical to comprehend the fiascos and not exactly what occurs or could occur. For example, one investigation of the tremor issue shows how sees on the seriousness of the quake danger and methodologies for overseeing seismic hazard were a consequence of a little gathering of quake establishment.Moreover, the institutional premiums of logical orders which center around the investigation of quakes channel the social development of the quake issue. The constructionist point of view centers around the significance of discovering the social exercises that intrigue gatherings and partners draw in with while likewise concentrating on calamity related issues and searching for the reaction they need from governments and establishments. In addition, the constructionist see says that the properties of debacles are not innate in the wonder but rather ar e the result of social definition.Following the calamities which struck Japan, different occasions that have to do with disappointments of innovation and of mechanical control frameworks have affected Japan to such an extent. In any case, on account of debacle inquire about convention, catastrophes don't result from the disappointment of frameworks to adjust to natural boundaries. Seismic tremors in Japan Natural calamities are occasions which lead to horrible results. These incorporate seismic tremors, tidal waves, floods, volcanic ejection, typhoons, storms, tornadoes and some more. Quakes are tremors, or developments, of the earth’s surface brought about by the arrival of worry along flaw lines.This arrival of stress produces development in masses of rocks which in the end prompts stun waves. The Richter scale was created to gauge the extent of seismic waves. Yet, regardless of whether there were looks into and hardware intended for the seismic tremor, still it is difficul t to anticipate a quake. It is unavoidable that more tremors will visit Japan over and over. Japan has encountered cataclysmic events more than some other nation, quakes being the most well-known as a result of the country’s geological position. It is arranged in a zone where one plate is being constrained underneath another plate.Moreover, it is the gathering purpose of two bits of the monster Pacific plate, which move in various headings nearby one another. These makes seismic tremors visit Japan all the time. The majority of these are exceptionally minor, in spite of the fact that there are solid seismic tremors every once in a while. It is the solid tremors that the specialists and open authorities were worried about. Japan got one of the main nations in creating advancements to foresee the event of seismic tremors. Satellite remote detecting advances would now be able to screen the earth and give premise to fiasco warning.More propels in the presentation of the systems a dministration advances have made it conceivable to open new open doors for the use of information accumulated. Be that as it may, expectation and conjectures of seismic tremors are as yet not precise. Other regular and continuous calamities, then again, can be guage and anticipated all the more without any problem. In any case, the most significant thing is that arranging ought to be done to moderate the impacts of these debacles. Maybe one of the most noticeably awful seismic tremors to hit Japan occurred during September of 1923, in Tokyo and Yokohama.The quake harmed hundred thousand homes and structures, and the flames that followed had more harm done. More than one hundred and forty thousand individuals died during this shake. The warmth of the flames additionally caused tornado-like breezes. Others kicked the bucket on the grounds that the flames sucked all the oxygen in the zone. The later quake to be recorded was on January 17, 1995 in Kobe, Japan. The quakes started in the thickly populated regions very early on. The Kobe seismic tremor, estimated 7. 2 shindo, devastated recently assembled and old foundations, embankments, ports, executed individuals and made attacking flames that were out of control.Japan’s Preparedness and Monitoring Being set up for any catastrophe doesn't stop after a calamity cruised by. It is a persistent procedure. It expects individuals to put forth attempts. People in general and its legislature must be solid and steady, particularly with regards to adapting to these occasions. The need to limit, if not to thoroughly kill fiascos and the conceivable delayed consequences, led the numerous examines and studies which inevitably prompted the creation and advancement of a wide exhibit of frameworks and innovative devices accessible today. This further improved the readiness arrangement of Japan.With the utilization of hello there tech hardware, Japan made a point to raise structures that are calamity safe. In addition, stru ctures and homes can be fortified economically to the individual, organization, or state to withstand the impacts of quakes or different catastrophes. Correspondence likewise got significant in all parts of being readied. Fortunately, the Internet encouraged improved correspondence and trade of data. Correspondence among governments and organizations got simpler and quicker. Japan accepts that it is one key factor in the accomplishment of their readiness system.Many gatherings were held which talked about different points that worry innovative frameworks and progressions for estimating catastrophic events. Japan has subsidized numerous looks into and ventures with regards to counteraction of fiascos. There has been an instruction for catastrophic event readiness in Natural Asia-Pacific, which centers around social occasion, creating and scattering data. The Japanese nation has improved its readiness framework by consistently exploring and considering advancements to screen the conce ivable event of characteristic disasters.Several innovations have been adjusted to screen any irregular conditions. The utilization of Internet and satellite information for observing and estimating regular perils turned into the establishment for some Japanese offices to maintain a strategic distance from any troublesome results. Japan’s readiness framework comprises of leading activities and activities to screen and get ready for seismic tremors. The National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) built up the I-Space Project for calamity the executives. The venture utilizes space innovation for checking calamity and data networking.It targets cataclysmic events, especially enormous scope tremors in Tokai. It creates analyze framework and behaviors pilot tests utilizing Jet-plane and helpful cameras. These mechanical headways end up being useful in doing what they were intended for. Benson and Clay state that â€Å"natural risks warrant progressively genuine thought in the plan of national monetary arrangements and strategies† (04). Arranging and appraisal must be done to diminish any hazard. Directly as of now, a great many separate innovative devices are being utilized around the world.These devices are not intended to converse with one another. Yet, on the off chance that they are connected as an arrangement of greater frameworks, the advantages will be a long way from what we can set out to trust. Because of the way that individuals around the globe will profit, there is a requirement for a dire advancement of a thorough worldwide framework. This will empower nations to spare billions of dollars. The fallout of what occurred in Kobe in 1995 advises the Japanese to consistently be set up for what may occur. They realize it will occur, however not when or where (Petersen 07). This is the place the mechanical instruments will be helpful.The utilization of satellite in checking assumes a significant job in uncovering topographical structures , for example, dynamic issues, which focuses to the developments of various zones of the Earth surface. Certain innovative advancements have likewise helped vulcanologists to be adept at foreseeing when a specific well of lava will eject, and this additionally prompts forecast of a quake that may follow. Satellite pictures would uncover any dynamic blames that may be associated with seismic tremor places. There are likewise a few techniques for direct including of shortcoming parameters in seismic

Is Government Dominated By Business :: essays research papers fc

Is Government Dominated by Business      Special intrigue bunches have ruled government since the coming of America's political framework. Particular vested parties or entryways are assortments of people who consolidate to seek after regular interests and to impact the choices on open arrangements. Numerous individuals see specific vested parties as a fundamental piece of the political procedure, legitimized by the main alteration of the Constitution. In that manner, specific vested parties are acceptable. The point that sickens numerous individuals is that all the more regularly then not cash overwhelms the right choice; that is the reason Big Business is an issue. The more extravagant the organizations and associations, the better possibility they need to convince the government authorities.      In the United States alone there are a great many exceptional intrigue bunches working for their own motivation. A portion of the causes they are working for are: business, banking, work, condition, ladies, seniors, the economy, and cultivating just to give some examples. A few gatherings or organizations which participate in campaigning are: N.O.W., Green Peace, AFL-CIO, Teamsters, Sierra Club, N.R.A., Tobacco industry and the ACLU. These gatherings regularly work at the national, state, furthermore, nearby levels endeavoring to impact government strategy. Numerous gatherings have perpetual workplaces in Washington DC. The essential objectives of these gatherings are the passing, blocking, or altering enactment to accomplish a positive decision for their own advantage. In Washington the gatherings essential targets are the House and Senate sub-boards of trustees which are the key spots where enactment is thought of. The gatherings regularly talk before Committee hearings to put their perspectives on the record.      One of the most notable specific vested party is the National Rifle Affiliation. This gathering has accomplished vigorous work in Washington attempting to stop Gun Control bills from going in Congress. The most exceedingly terrible blow that happened to the NRA was the death of the Brady Bill and the Assault Rifle Ban. The NRA accepts this is an encroachment on the established privileges everything being equal. As of late after a gigantic hall in Washington, the NRA constrained the Senate to have another decision on the Assault Rifle boycott. The manner in which the NRA powers the senate is as followed: the NRA gets together with certain representatives that they know need to repeal the boycott. The NRA offers cash to the legislators for their crusades, and so on. The congresspersons then convince different representatives and the NRA has them on their side as well. At the point when the NRA catches enough representatives, it powers Congress to carry it to the floor and discussion about the issue. For this situation, the NRA fizzled. Be that as it may, the NRA will keep on supporting the legislators that are an assistance to the reason and

Breast Cancer Essay - 985 Words

Breast Cancer: Risk Factors, Detection amp; Treatment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Among all American women who die when they are between the ages of forty and forty-five, the cause of death most likely to be listed on their death certificates is BREAST CANCER. Breast tumors are responsible for the greatest number of deaths among women, and breast cancer alone is the cause of almost one fifth of all cancer related mortalities. It results in the death of thirty seven thousand American women every year. Currently, there is no concrete answer as to how breast cancer is caused nor is their a cure for the disease. â€Å"Research over the past fifty years has narrowed the causes down to certain risk factors that are common amongst breast cancer†¦show more content†¦The mammography is quite a process because it involves several steps. The first step is the taking of several X-rays of each breast to search for abnormalities. The second step is the doing an extensive examination of the patients medical history. The patient is then sat down and counseled by the person performing the exam, usually a radiologist. The only discomfort experienced during a mammography is when the breast is compressed to facilitate better viewing of the tissue by the X-ray machine. â€Å"Due to the time and effort as well as the radiation absorbed during the mammography, it is only recommended that they be taken every 3 years after the age of twenty, and annually if over the age of forty.† (Seltzer, 133) â€Å"Even though both self exams and the use of a mammography is proven to greatly reduce the mortality rate with breast cancer, only a small portion of the women in America partake of it.† (Subak-Sharpe, 125) Most women don’t because they either fear the pain of discovering the disease, fear the mutilation of their breasts that could follow, or fear losing a breast itself. Despite their life saving characteristics, women insist on saying things such as â€Å"Why go looking for trouble?† In the end, they might o nly be facing death. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Treatment methods for breast cancer have progressedShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer And Cancer Prevention2347 Words   |  10 Pages INTRODUCTION Statistics indicate that breast cancer-related complications are among the top causes of death among women for over 23% of all women’s deaths in the world (Donepudi et al., 2014). The great cases of breast cancer are attributed to lack of information on and hard data on the disease, especially on early diagnosis and treatment options. In America, breast cancer is among the top causes of cancer-related deaths, and the mortality rate is relatively high as compared to the neighboring countriesRead MoreThe For Breast Cancer Action1612 Words   |  7 Pagesintention to give some part of the profit towards breast cancer causes. Ironically, the money made from this marketing will often not significantly benefit somebody with breast cancer. The pink ribbon was originally created by the Susan G Komen foundation yet anybody can use this symbol, because there is no intellectual copyright on it. Pinkwashing is term was first coined by the organization called breast cancer action, whose m ission is to â€Å"Breast Cancer Action’s mission is to achieve health justiceRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (Breast Cancer). For women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death – behind skin cancer. While treatment or surgeries canRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1346 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational symbol for breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can develop breast cancer and it is the leading most common cancer among women. Calling at tention to this often fatal disease is important by supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of thisRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer946 Words   |  4 PagesSkylar Steinman Period 6 Ms. Jobsz 12 February , 2016 Breast Cancer It is commonly known that Breast Cancer is one of the most insidious diseases that mankind has had to deal with. With the discovery of the BRCA1( BReast Cancer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast Cancer gene two) genes, breast cancer can be detected with a great amount of certainty on a genetic level in some women and men. 40,000 women and men die of breast cancer each year. Knowing this it is very important to try to detect the mutationRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1530 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cancer† is the name for a group of diseases that start in the body at the cellular level. Even though there are many different kinds of cancer, they all begin with abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These abnormal cells lump together to form a mass of tissue or â€Å"malignant tumor†. Malignant means that it can spread to other parts of the body or Metastasize . If the breast is the original location of the cancer gr owth or malignant tumor, the tumorRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pages Internationally, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer related death amongst women. (CITE) Each year an estimated 1.7 million new cases are diagnosed worldwide, and more than 500,000 women will die of the disease. (CITE) According to (CITE), somewhere in the world one woman is diagnosed with breast cancer every 19 seconds and more than three women die of breast cancer every five minutes worldwide. (CITE) Breast cancer is a heterogeneous condition thatRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1372 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer Disease Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when aRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1471 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer Introduction to Breast cancer Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer only surpassed by lung cancer. It involves a cancerous tumour located inside the breast but spreads if treatment is not administered. (Evert et al 2011) Breast cancer can be treated if diagnosed in its early stages but becomes progressively more difficult upon reaching more advancing malignant stages. Breast cancer can be confused with being a female only disease however both sexes suffer. AccordingRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1921 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Cancer is a term that every individual on this planet wants to avoid hearing when they go to their yearly check up at the doctors. However, as person ages, they are prone to develop some sort of sickness and most of the time, they could develop cancer of some sort. For this research paper, I am going to go over breast cancer. Breast cancer is a well-known type of cancer with awareness events going on to support both women and men who has breast cancer. According to American Cancer Society

A Little More About Gender And Sex - 1014 Words

Hunter-Angel Gregory Mrs. Williams ELA 3/4th Hour 7 April 2017 A LITTLE MORE ABOUT GENDER SEX One thing people have thought until recently is that the concepts of gender and sex are the same thing. This is now something that is changing and proving to be false. That being said, they can be troublesome to learn. Acceptance is another tough thing people now deal with since having these thoughts shared with them. Once upon a time the earth was thought to have been flat and it was proven wrong, people thought Pythagoras was crazy for thinking the earth was round. He proved them all wrong and this is another Pythagurus vs society. If some don’t believe me, then they can just watch and learn. For many,†¦show more content†¦On Youtube there are numerous videos on transitioning, helpful tips and more knowledge about the subject itself. There is a Youtuber by the name of Justin Blake. Justin Blake is a transgender male and he has made videos on subtopics under transitioning. Binding is one of the topics he has talked about, as in bind with actual binders from stor es and not ace bandages; types of binders he has personal experience with(Binding for FtM || Justin Blake || 2016). There are certain requirements for being able to transition. If your legal guardian does not agree with one transitioning and does not give consent, then the person will have to wait until you are eighteen years of age. One way to start transition would be to find a pediatric endocrinologist, pediatrician, or family practice physician and get evaluated; to see if they are mentally and physically stable enough to transition. Once they have been approved for transitioning then they may take puberty blockers, start a different diet and weight bearing exercises; due to the blockers. Leuprolide/Lupron and Histrelin/Vantas are two blockers used in transgender care(Trans 101 for Trans People 2016). Cardiovascular disease, long QT syndrome, diabetes, pituitary adenoma, epilepsy and prostate cancer are health conditions that may keep people from taking pubertyShow MoreRelatedSi ngle Sex Classes Should Not Be Incorporated Into Schools Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesSingle-sex education consists of separating male and female students and teaching them in different schools or classes. Although controversial and often looked as antiquated, more Americans have been considering single-sex schools as a viable option since the early 2000’s. The reason? With various problems public school education faces, many parents have been looking at single-sex education as a potential solution to some of those problems. In addition, with the very convincing gender rhetoric thoseRead MoreGender Is An Act Of Social Deviance1187 Words   |  5 Pagesor not, doing gender is occurring everyday within our society. Every interaction we have with another individual is doing gender. Doing gender has become a part of our every day lives the same way without realizing it the same way we breathe air without really paying attention that we are breathing. The meaning behind this i s that it is occurring unconsciously. Candace West and Don Zimmerman coined the term doing gender in an article they composed. West and Zimmerman argued that gender is somethingRead MoreGender And Nature Vs. Nurture994 Words   |  4 PagesGender reveal day. A blue middle is exposed by the slice of a cake. Dad perches on a ladder and lathers the nursery with the same sky-blue paint, Mom standing in the middle, rubbing her belly, â€Å"He’ll play football just like you, our little man.† So when the little man grows into a big one, will he play football because of the sports mobile turning above his crib, or because something in himself innately gravitates toward masculine activities? The mechanisms of what creates someone’s gender identityRead MoreThe Factors that Keep Gender Inequality Unchanged668 Words   |  3 Pagesbalance in the fact that gender inequality has remained almost unchanged since before this generations time. The factors that keep gender inequ ality unchanged are the ones that have been discussed amongst the human race for centuries. To teenagers of our generation equality amongst both men and women are rarely visible but derogatory behavior or words towards the opposite sex show how one sex really treats and feels towards the other sex. The thing is, we all know that gender discrimination is awfulRead MoreSex Is A Biological Concept1197 Words   |  5 PagesSex is a biological concept, determined on the basis of individuals primary sex characteristics. Gender, on the other hand, refers to the meanings, values, and characteristics that people ascribe to different sexes. 1 Our sex is the manuscript that guides our parents on how to raise us. Our sex determines what is expected from us in our future roles in society. It defines what basic character traits we are looked upon to exhibit. Society says that sex determines our gender. It is ingrained inRead MoreSex And Gender Socialization : Sex1174 Words   |  5 PagesSex and Gender Socialization Sex as explained in â€Å"Essentials of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach†, is that sex is a biological characteristic that distinguishes females and males, consisting of primary and secondary sex characteristics (Henslin, 2015). Gender is the behaviors and attitudes that society has put into place for people to act their sex. Girls act like girls and boys act like boys. The sociological significance of gender is that it is a device by which society controls its member.Read MoreThe Difference Between Sex and Gender743 Words   |  3 PagesIn today s society sex and gender seem to have two separate connotative meanings. Sex is a more scientific term that explains physical traits and sexual preferences. Gender carries a more social tone. Meaning that it refers to the different clothing, activities, career choices, and positions people hold in society. A person s social status helps separate or classify the two sexes. brbrSex is the total sum of physical characteristics that d istinguish males and females from each other. The mostRead MoreAnalysis Of Gender Trouble By Judith Butler1710 Words   |  7 PagesJudith Butler’s book; Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity explains everything from sex versus gender to feminist identity. Not only does Butler add on her own beliefs and thoughts but also considering work of another theorist such as Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray. Judith mainly focuses on Simeone de Beauvoirs novel â€Å"The Second Sex† and â€Å"Speculum of the Other Woman†. Judith’s Butler’s main question throughout her novel is; â€Å"Are we assigned our gender at birth or do we simplyRead MoreSingle Sex Classrooms Helps Increase Self Esteem973 Words   |  4 PagesSingle Sex Education is considered to be a teaching system that has been implemented in schools all over world, from long ago and little still today. That means that girls and boys are instructed in separate schools or classr ooms. How does single-sex education benefits students? That is the question that some parents make themselves when their sons enter school. Researches demonstrate that single sex classrooms helps increase self esteem; offer an environment that students feel more confortable inRead MoreCultural Myths About Gender And Sex Essay1484 Words   |  6 PagesAre gender and sex in the same concept? This topic is complicated because countless people confuse these two as the same, but they are two absolutely different concepts. There are several Cultural Myths about gender and sex. Gary Colombo, who wrote: â€Å"Thinking Critically, Challenging Cultural Myths† explains that a cultural myth is a â€Å"shared set of customs, values, ideas, and beliefs, as well as a common language (3).† In â€Å"Sisterhood is Complicated† by Ruth Padawer, a contributing writer at The New

Friendship and Enmity - 736 Words

Friendship and Enmity Friendship and Enmity is a very important subject to write about. As everyone in this life meets his friends and maybe make enemies. Friendship is a social relation between two persons or more, they have something in common to share .On the other hand enmity is a word that expresses hate and harm. But here we will speak about the friendship and enmity in William Blakes poem A POISON TREE . In this poem Blake spoke about the difference between relations with his friends and his enemies .first he spoke about his relation with his friend. He said that one day he was angry with his friend ,then very simply he told his friend about his anger and they reconciled and returned to their lovely friendship . There is a†¦show more content†¦And also the parents should raise their children on standards of how to choose their friends and put them in a good environment. After all : lt;lt;lt;lt;lt;lt;lt;lt;lt;lt;lt;lt;UNITY IS STRENGTH,DIVISION ISShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of Friendship In Saint Augustine Confessions And Njals Saga1395 Words   |  6 PagesHow is friendship portrayed in Saint Augustine Confessions and Njal’s Saga? To answer this question, we must refer to the nature of friendship in both texts. The depiction of friendship in both texts seem to show recognizable differences. Saint Augustine’s Confessions and Njal’s Saga both have distinct ways in portraying the nature of friendship such that in Saint Augustine’s Confessions, friendships is viewed in a negative light, compelling one to stray away from good, specifically God, whereasRead MoreRelationship Between The Child And Parent952 Words   |  4 Pagesprivate affair, we find out that due to the exposure Emeka got from the Lagos he could now make his own decision and stick into it regardless of the cultural background (Achebe 22). The good relation he used to have with his father turned out to be enmity. On the Everyday use after Dee had gone through the education system she rebels with the mother about her name, and claims that Dee is dead and that she is Wangero. In both cases we realize that there are different settings of the stories, for instanceRead More Epic Poem, Beowulf - Women in Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society971 Words   |  4 Pageswith, and that the diplomatic marriage , linking nations or great families, was common...and the daughter of a royal house must often have been used to heal enmity between peoples or to cement friendship. However, those diplomatic marriages were not always successful. Freawarus marriage fails to heal the enmity between the Danes and the Heathobards, as does the marriage of the princess Hildburh, whose tale is told by the scop at Hrothgars banquet. Still, at least byRead MoreFactors Contributing to the Ups and Downs of Friendship in Knowles’ A Separate Peace1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe absence or presence of invidiousness has the potency to strengthen or dismember friendships. In John Knowles’ A Separate Peace, Gene Forrester and his daring roommate, Finny, discover the dangerous impact of enviousness on their friendship. Gene’s jealousy of Finny’s athletic capabilities, Finny’s unenviable thoughts and actions, and Brinker’s suspicions that Gene’s envy catalyzed Finny’s accident were all contributing factors to the ups and downs in Gene’s and Finny’s relationship. DetestingRead More Role of Women in the Epic of Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon Society932 Words   |  4 Pagesforce to reckon with, and that the diplomatic marriage , linking nations or great families, was common...and the daughter of a royal house must often have been used to heal enmity between peoples or to cement friendship. However, those diplomatic marriages were not always successful. Freawarus marriage fails to heal the enmity between the Danes and the Heathobards, as does the marriage of the princess Hildburh, whose tale is told by the scop at Hrothgars banquet. Still, at least by the eleventhRead MoreRelationship Between The Child And Parent922 Words   |  4 Pagesprivate affair, we find out that due to the exposure Emeka got from the Lagos he could now make his own decision and stick into it regardless of the cultural background (Achebe 22). The good relation he used to have with his father turned out to be enmity. On the Everyday use after Dee had gone through the education system she rebels with the mother about her name, and claims that Dee is dead and that she is Wangero. In both cases we realize that there are different settings of the stories, for instanceRead MoreEssay on Why Maze Runner Deserve a Place in 10th Grade Reading List593 Words   |  3 Pagespresents scenarios involving various forms of life, which readers can learn from and apply to their own, as well. To begin with, by reading this book in class, students will not only learn about magic and terror, but also about sorrow, bravery, friendship as well as suffering in attempts to find redemption. Everything about this book is fictional but subsequent events from previous ones make things even more real. In the beginning, fiction is achieved when the main character, Thomas, wakes up inRead MoreReasons Why People Come Into Your Life870 Words   |  4 Pagesmaintaining something that could stick and stay. What bothers me more is when their mannerisms change, they become incognito, and make themselves scarce once they feel that things are not conducive to their train of thought as opposed to seeing how the friendship can be saved for the long term. Yes, people have motives that they tend to hold close to vest and out of your sight. Now comes the time for me to assess those that fit this category. I’ve always felt that when you know which one it is, you willRead MoreEssay On Shakespeare s Beowulf And Anglo Saxon Society944 Words   |  4 Pagesforce to reckon with, and that the diplomatic marriage , linking nations or great families, was common...and the daughter of a royal house must often have been used to heal enmity between peoples or to cement friendship. However, those diplomatic marriages were not always successful. Freawaru s marriage fails to heal the enmity between the Danes and the Heathobards, as does the marriage of the princess Hildburh, whose tale is told by the scop at Hrothgar s banquet. Still, at least by the eleventhRead MoreWar s Relationship With People1404 Words   |  6 Pagesmakes Finny fall from the tree â€Å"I found it. I found a single sustaining thought. The thought was, You and Phineas are even already. You are even in enmity. You are both coldly driving ahead for yourselves alone. . . . I felt better. Yes, I sensed it like the sweat of relief when nausea passes away; I felt better. We were even after all, even in enmity. The deadly rivalry was on both sides after all( John Knowles)† . During the war time, people were so stressful that their original personalities and

International Journal of Tryptophan Research

Question: Describe about the International Journal of Tryptophan Research. Answer: It is a well-known fact that stress is one of the most unpleasant experiences encountered by an individual, suffering from an intensely emotional strain that not only affects his inner peace of mind, but can also affect his health adversely. While in most cases, stress is only a temporary state of mind, and does not continue for a prolonged period of time, in a few cases, a stressed mind, suffering from depression over a longer period of time, can lead to panic attack, the suffering of which is not only profound, but is also long-lasting for the victim (Gomaa et al. , 2013) It has been observed that an individual suffering from sporadic panic attacks not only suffer from a feeling of sudden, intense anxiety and fear, but also tends to believe that the time is flowing much slowly, than in the ordinary times. The reason behind such feelings, can be traced to the fact that the individual suffering from panic attack feel incredible drained and tired, as a result of a sense of exhaustion and depression (Jnoda Janova, 2015). Usually, the people getting affected by the disease for the first or second time, have o knowledge about the symptoms of the disease, and fail to adopt the necessary measures to control the same. Consequently, they suffer from hyperventilation, whereby as a result of over-intake of oxygen, and excessive release of carbon-die oxide, the individual starts suffering from an uncontrolled state of anxiety and excitement, that makes them feel that even a single second is equal to more than an hour. Besides, it is equally important to note, tha t the individual suffering from intense stress or panic disorder, tends to concentrate on his mental conflict, inner disorder and the phenomenon occurring inside the head, that leads him to concentrate on the present moment, as a result of which he fails to feels the passage of time like any other normal human being (Essa et al., 2013). The waves of panic attack usually last for not more than an hour, and while the people who have been affected by this mental state of disorder previously, have a much comprehensive knowledge about the transience of the suffering, those who have not been affected by the disease, tend to put too much concentration on the feeling of intense pain, fear and horror experienced in a while. Resultantly, the individual unable to find or focus on any source of distraction or amusement, starts feeling that the present moment of pain will never cease, and will keep to continue. Besides, a person who has been suffering from depression, stress and anxiety over a long period of time, also develop the psychological suffering named paranoia. While suffering from panic attack, an individual already affected by paranoid anxiety will tend to be deluded, that it is impossible for his terrible state of mind to be pacified, and restored to normalcy. This is also the reason why he will believe that the time is flying on a much slower pace (Kumar et al., 2012). It should be remembered that any kind of stress or panic attack is accompanied by shaking, trembling and sweating, and if goes unchecked may lead to disruption of the healthy life. While the accelerated heart rate leads to the feeling that the bad time will never end, one should remain assured that it will not span for more than an hour. In case it is necessary, the individual should resort to mediation and medical attention. Reference List: Essa, M. M., Subash, S., Braidy, N., Al-Adawi, S., Lim, C. K., Manivasagam, T., Guillemin, G. J. (2013). Role of NAD+, oxidative stress, and tryptophan metabolism in autism spectrum disorders.International Journal of Tryptophan Research,6(Suppl. 1), 15. Gomaa, M. A. M., Elmagd, M. H. A., Elbadry, M. M., Kader, R. M. A. (2014). Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale in patients with tinnitus and hearing loss.European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology,271(8), 2177-2184. Janda, R., Jandov, E. (2015). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression among Czech critical care and general surgical and medical ward nurses.Journal of Research in Nursing,20(4), 298-309. Kumar, A., Vashist, A., Kumar, P., Kalonia, H., Mishra, J. (2012). Protective effect of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors against running wheel activity induced fatigue, anxiety like behavior, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice.Pharmacological Reports,64(6), 1326-1336.

Case study of CEMEX

Logical Punctuation Isnt the Logical Choice

Logical Punctuation Isnt the Logical Choice Logical Punctuation Isn’t the Logical Choice Logical Punctuation Isn’t the Logical Choice By Mark Nichol An American university professor recently wrote a piece for the online publication Slate about the illogic of the American system of punctuating in conjunction with quotation marks. His argument: Although traditional print publications and many corporate and organizational Web sites largely observe this system, the explosion of informal writing (email, chat, blogs, and personal or â€Å"amateur† Web sites) is changing the game, and perhaps it’s time to concede victory to the masses. The status quo in professional publishing is to employ, when using quotation marks, commas and periods as follows: â€Å"In American English,† he said, â€Å"commas and periods almost never follow quotation marks.† Certain exceptions, such as precisely framing philosophical or etymological terms by excluding punctuation that is part of the general narrative, have been tolerated because they do not affect mainstream usage. However, computer programming also requires excluding punctuation from within quotation marks unless it is part of a code or a command (whether as a punctuation mark or for another function, as when a semicolon is used as part of ASCII code). Some print and online publications adopt this style in references to search terms (as in â€Å"Search for ‘logical punctuation’.†) because they believe it necessary to emphasize that the period isn’t part of the search term. (Sigh.) But the greatest sea change in punctuation vis-a-vis quotation marks is a populist uprising: The hoi polloi, it seems, can’t seem to get this convention straight, or can’t be bothered about it. (I’m not being snobbish; I make mistakes, too, and I have to look a lot of things up. But by the same token, capitalization rules seem to flummox many lay writers, so perhaps we should abolish the uppercase alphabet as well.) Thus, in a variety of self-publishing platforms online, in self-produced e-books and print publications, in online communication modes as well as in marketing materials and business correspondence, many writers place commas and periods outside quotation marks. This system is quite common, of course, even in formal publications: It’s a convention in the British-English world, though it’s less prevalent and more subtle than you might think. (I didn’t know the particulars until I read the essay in question and did some research.) The nuance is that the rules of British English don’t always call for placing commas and periods outside quotation marks: If the quoted material is in itself a complete thought, the punctuation goes inside. But beyond the fact that this complicates things, because it’s not always apparent whether a quotation is complete or incomplete, many British publications adhere to the same style that predominates in American publications. So, it’s not so simple to blithely convert to so-called logical punctuation, which isn’t quite logical or, at least, isn’t any more intuitive than the traditional American system. And that system is inconsistent: Place commas and periods inside quotation marks, but semicolons and colons go outside. Em dashes, question marks, and exclamation points go inside or outside depending on whether they’re part of the context of the quoted material (shades of logical punctuation). What, then, do we do? How about business as usual? American writers, consult an American style guide. British writers (and others who adhere to British English), consult a British style guide. And for those who advocate following popular as opposed to professional usage: Do whatever you please, but don’t expect the overwhelming majority of American book, magazine, and newspaper publishers, as well as the producers of professionally edited (and US-based) Web sites, to abandon a system that, while imperfect, works perfectly well if you follow a few simple rules. (This site discusses those rules in various posts; search for â€Å"quotation marks.† But leave out the period, right?) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of Humor75 Synonyms for â€Å"Talk†Types of Ignorance

Lensing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lensing - Essay Example Step three involves explaining the connection between lens A and lens B; that is relationship between viewpoints in Ugly Feelings and Rushmore. The fourth step illustrates the evidence supporting the relationships between the lens A and B. the fifth step entails illustrating the main areas of connection, and then conclusion of the relationship. Several issues are illustrated in Sinnae Ngai’s literary work. Ugly Feelings is the benchmark for understanding the film; hence lens A. Ugly Feeling has two major issues. The first issue entails understanding how artists and writers in different media outlets have shown ugly feelings that are not analyzed by critics. The second issue explains that through engaging feelings, the artists understand the weaknesses of art. This ensures "several of these negative affects for their critical productivity" (Sianne 3). Most critics study works having big feelings and mistakes. Rushmore entails comedy work produced in 1998 by Wes Anderson. The film describes the relationship between Max Fisher, Herman Blume and Rosemary Cross. Max Fisher is a teenager. Herman Blume is depicted as an established industrialist. Rosemary Cross is an elementary school teacher. The teacher experiences mutual love from Max and Herman (Kehr 72). Ngai effectively illustrates three negatives that enhance ugly feelings; experiential negativity, semantic negativity and syntactic negativity. Experiential negativity ensures pain. This negativity is illustrated in lens B, Rushmore, effectively. Illustration of Blume’s life in the movie shows emotional pain. Despite being an established industrialist, he does not derive satisfaction from the performance and operations of his company. His marriage life is also frustrating due to continuous disagreements with his wife (Ebert 36). His sons are very unrepentant due to poor upbringing by their mother. The marriage life of marry also

Poems comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poems comparison - Essay Example There is no irony or sarcasm in this poem, when compared with the other two. Barbie Doll refers to the chilling stereotyping a young girl, growing up, is subject to. She is expected to conform to unrealistic standards of beauty and behavior, to become a pleasing, plastic, plaything, and forget her own individuality. In the process, the girl loses her self-esteem and resorts to suicide. The only time that she is able to conform to society’s norms is after her death—which implies that these norms are killing. This urge to be stylish is referred to in Titanic as well. The urge is so strong that it is not unlikely that people, if given a chance might actually choose to voyage again on the doomed Titanic, just to be able to go down grandly! There are only two instances in the poem, where the poet uses some kind of literary flourish, by characterizing puberty as â€Å"magic† (a metaphor) and describing the girl’s good nature wearing out â€Å"like a fan belt† (a simile). However, beneath the mere presentation of facts lurks a suppressed emotion, which the reader relates to, and the result is therefore an evoking of similar emotion. Titanic, however, has no underlying emotion. The poem mocks at people’s tendency to pursue blindly, that which is considered fashionable—like lemmings rushing to a mindless death. But it certainly invokes in the reader, by its mocking style, a horror of our tendency to want to conform to the fashion of the day, irrespective of consequences. The poem highlights how modern media romanticizes even the most terrible of events, and the power of the media over our lives. Both Titanic and Barbie Doll are written in the third person, to achieve distance in the presentation, while Philadelphia, in the first person, immediately establishes emotional proximity with the reader. However, the first two poems have a certain tension, which evoke further

Disney Pixar Essay Example for Free

Disney Pixar Essay The balance sheet is a snapshot of a company’s financial condition. It shows assets, liabilities, and stockholder’s equity. An asset is an item of economic value owned by an individual or corporation, especially that which could be converted to cash or liquidated. A liability is an obligation that legally binds an individual or company to settle a debt. When one is liable for a debt, they are responsible for paying the debt or settling a wrongful act they may have committed. Stockholder’s equity is a company’s common stock equity as it appears on a balance sheet, qual to total assets minus liabilities, preferred stock, and intangible assets such a good will. Disney had reported their fair values for cash equivalents and cash, receivables, accounts payable, contracts, derivates and investments that are available for sale. The Company estimates their total current cash and equivalents totaling an amount of 13. 7 billion for October 2, 1010 and 12. 6 billion for October 3, 2009. Disney is such a huge company and has array of assets and best known brands. From parks, property, leasehold, equipments, furniture, land, copyrights, FCC licenses, trademarks and other intangible assets. The Company’s total assets totaled up to 42. 2 billion for 2010 and 38. 1 billion for 2009. Disney has many big assets but their largest assets are their parks and resorts/ properties. Based on their 2 most recent annual reports, the Company reported their largest assets coming in at 16 billion for October 2, 2010 and 16 billion for October 3, 2010. Two of the largest liabilities that Pixar has forgone in the last two most recent reporting periods are the Steven Jobs with The Pixar Touch and the tax liability of backdated Pixar stocks. With the Pixar Touch liability Steven Jobs had put $50 million into the company. The book started losing money the first year putting a liability into the company. With the backdated Pixar stocks puts many jobs in the dark spot light. This puts Pixar having a total of $31,687,000 of all current liabilities at the end of their most recent annual report. Pixar revenue for the past three years has taken a leap of an average of 54. 4%. Annual sales for the 100 top finishers rose of an average of 30. 7% annually. This puts Pixar having profits jump up to 55. 9% a year. Pixar is the hottest movie maker on the years hot growth list. Walt Disney is a huge entity. The Walt Disney World Resort encompasses 30,500 acres, making it approximately the same size as San Francisco. Looking at Disney’s balance sheet their total assets at the end of its 2 most recent annual reporting periods (2010) was $69,206,000. The total amount of accounts payable at the end of its 2 most recent annual reporting periods was $6,109,000. Also, the company’s total current liabilities at the end of its 2 most recent annual reporting period were $11,000,000. An income statement reports the profitability of a company’s operations over a period of time (Weygandt, 2008). Net income is when a company’s revenues exceed their expenses, as opposed to net loss when a company’s expenses exceed their revenues, and will not include investment or dividend transactions. Disney has had the success in being able to report all net income on at least three of its last income statements. Disney’s net incomes for the last three annual reporting periods are as follows: †¢2008 – $4,427,000 †¢2009 – $3,307,000 †¢2010 – $3,963,000 As you can see, from 2008 to 2009 Disney’s net income decreased by $1,120,000. Most of this loss is due to the state of the current economy.

Personal Narrative - Our Marriage Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Our Marriage Our official journey began on August 2, 1997 in Las Vegas. That was our wedding day and my official entry into married life. Tim and I said, ?I do? in Clark County, Nevada. The clerk declared us 'best friends for life' in a ceremony with just the two of us. That declaration was more profound and welcomed than one any priest could have made. Our wedding cost a total of seventy-two dollars, this included the license and ceremony. I should also include the cost of what I call 'our wedding planner.' His name was Jake and he was a taxi driver, he charged us fifteen dollars and we tipped him fifteen for his extra duties, it was a special day. When we arrived in Las Vegas from Boulder our car started to over heat from the long drive through the hot desert. We decided to park it at the hotel. We hailed a cab and set off to find a place to get married. We had a deadline; our honeymoon was scheduled to begin the next day. The cab driver drove us past several different chapels giving us details about each one. After a brief survey of chapels we asked him to drop us off at the justice of the peace. The chapels just seemed too cheesy and besides, I had no real affection for Elvis. He dropped us off in front of a large, very official looking building to get the license and he directed us across the street to a small brick office wher e the ceremonies are held. I had the distinct feeling that he has provided this service a few times before in his career. I soon found myself waiting in line behind a frail elderly man with a huge smile on his face; he stood next to a young girl, she looked equally happy. The man wore a red velvet jacket and the girl wore a shimmering red dress with spaghetti straps. It was a dress that would... ...ming with life. The smell of the flowers was intense and enlivening. The breeze that was not restricted by car windows, the heat that was not reflected by a rooftop or eradicated by air conditioning, the rain that was not repelled by anything more than my poncho, I was one with all of it. As I biked past, I moo'd as loud as I could at the cows in the fields and felt happy doing it. I even occasionally rode in the van when I was tired. Today I question my fears before I give into them. The questioning usually results in nothing that I can rely on as a concrete reason for forgoing an experience. The way we chose to get married, I had up to the last minute to change my mind. No wedding guests, invitations, seating arrangements, flowers, or caterers. Today seven and a half years later, I can say my marriage is the thing that has brought me the most joy in my life.

An Analysis of Roberto Matta’s “Eat Us Sir Fire, Eat Us”

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Intellectual Property Concerns - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4136 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Tags: Intellectual Property Essay Did you like this example? Introduction In line with the advancement of technology in the field of medicine, there has been a great deal of discovery of human genome related genes and diagnostic methods. Patent law has encouraged inventors to patent their invention so as to avoid exploitation and promote innovation. However, these patents appear to be controversial and have been a hotly debated issue in many countries, such as the BRCA1 gene patents and its diagnostic methods patents. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Intellectual Property Concerns" essay for you Create order This essay will address the merits and demerits of patent by looking into the relevant legal framework and analyzing it in terms of US, UK and EU case laws. The main focus would be on patentability of genetic diagnostic in vitro test and human genome related genes. Patent Law European Union The general requirements for patent law in Europe is governed by Art 52(1) of the European Patent Convention(EPC) 2000.[1] It provides that any inventions that fulfill the requirement of novelty and inventive step can be patented if they are capable of industrial application.[2] However, the exact concept of invention has not been explicitly defined by the EPC. Nevertheless, it is stated that the invention must possess technical features[3] that relates to a technical field[4], and which involves a technical problem.[5] Thus, it can be seen that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"technicalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is a prerequisite in order to be patent eligible. Besides, exclusions that must not be treated as i nventions are provided in Art 52(2)[6] and 52(3)[7]. United Kingdom In UK, the governing statute for patent law is the Patents Act 1977.[8] It is passed to implement the EPC. The essence of patent law is in s1 to s3 of the act, where the criteria for patentability are provided. This act also provides a list of exclusions from patentability that will only be applicable when relevant. According to s 4A(1)(b), diagnostic methods themselves are unable to be patented.[9] This provision is very similar to Art 53(c) of the EPC. United States Patent law in the United States is governed by S 101 of Title 35 United States Code(USC).[10] It provides that for a subject matter to be patentable, it must fall within either of these categories, namely process, machine, manufacture and composition of matter.[11] If one discovers or invents any new and useful abovementioned subject matters, or any new and useful improvement, they might be eligible to acquire a patent subject to the req uirements and conditions.[12] The prerequisite that an invention be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"technicalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is not explicitly present in US law. Also, there is no statutory provision equivalent to Art 52 EPC that provides exclusions from patentability. Nevertheless, the courts have devised some exceptions from patentability, such as law of nature, abstract ideas and basic human knowledge.[13] Patentability of Genes European Union and United Kingdom In order for a gene to be patentable, there must be an invention and it must satisfy the requirements of novelty, inventive step and industrial application. In Netherlands v DIR 98/44/EC, it was confirmed that Art 5(1) of the Directive which states that human body is not patent eligible was valid.[14] Therefore, a mere discovery of the existence of specific DNA sequence in the human body is not an invention and not patentable.[15] It follows that only invention that merges a natural element with a technical process where th e DNA sequence is isolated from its natural environment, or produced for an industrial application, would be capable of being patented.[16] As for the novelty requirement, we must be clear that what is being claimed here is the isolated sequence carried out through a technical process, which is distinct from what was existing, thus making it novel from patent law perspective.[17] The German Antamanid case held that the fact that an isolated substance which functions were not known to someone skilled at the time of application and not capable of being used before the application makes the substance something novel.[18] As for the inventive requirement, it is more difficult to satisfy. A genetic invention would only be regarded as inventive provided it is shown that acquiring the sequence was a technical achievement or that a new property related to the gene is discovered.[19] The use of DNA sequence as a diagnostic tool is said to involve an inventive step.[20] Lastly, the invention must be capable of industrial application. In short, if the patentability requirements are met, an isolated gene such as the BRCA1 is in principle patentable in the EU. United States In line with the three exceptions, a living thing is understood to be patent ineligible. However, in the 1980s, the Supreme Court held in Diamond v Chakrabarty that a genetically engineered bacterium that has different characteristics from the naturally occurring bacterium is patent eligible.[21] From then onwards, naturally occurring human DNA sequences of genes have been granted patent. This has sparked a widespread controversy over the negative impact gene patents could have on genetic testing.[22] Consequently, in Association for Molecular Pathology v Myriads Genetics, the Supreme Court held that the diagnostic genes which are involved in the susceptibility to breast cancer cannot be patented.[23] It held that merely isolating genes that can be found in nature does not render it patent elig ible.[24] The impact of this decision has extended beyond putting an end to the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s monopoly over its genetic diagnostic in vitro test. Patentability of Genetic Diagnostic Test European Union and United Kingdom Gene sequence is also used as the basic material of a genetic diagnostic test.[25] Patents are not only claimed in the gene sequence used in such tests, but also for diagnostic testing method itself.[26] Art 53(c) of the EPC provides that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"diagnostic methods practiced on the human bodyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are not patent eligible.[27] This is because medical and diagnostic methods ought to be available to the medical society, and without the need to obtain a use license.[28] The Enlarged Board in G1/04 sets out a list of steps that must be performed in order to be excluded from patentability and that each and every step must involve an interaction with the human body.[29] Therefore, genetic diagnostic methods such as the in vitro tes t where the steps are performed by in vitro technique on a sample tissue is purely specialized in nature, and lacking direct involvement with the body, hence will not be excluded from patentability under Art 53(c). This is evidenced in T666/05, where the genetic diagnostic in vitro test that determines oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s susceptibility to breast cancer is held to be patentable.[30] In terms of patentability requirements, novelty is easily satisfied. However, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"inventive stepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ could be difficult to be established. Nevertheless, if these tests could be performed based on the application of a single principle that is applicable to all the tests, as automated processes, there is no reason why patents of this kind should be denied despite the difficulty of establishing inventive step.[31] Moreover, even if the process is not inventive, it has been argued that it is inventive to come up with the test, and the development ought to be considered the unex pected effect of DNA.[32] Besides, the utility requirement is also easily satisfied because genetic testing based on the use of partial gene sequence is considered a special utility.[33] Thus, in principle, in vitro diagnostic test involving these technical steps are patentable in Europe, as opposed to tests that are practiced on the human body which are not patentable. United States In the US, there is no provision like Art 53(c). The US Patent and Trademark Office(USPTO) has provided a three-step test for determining whether it is patentable under S 101 of Tittle 35 USC. Firstly, it must be determined whether the subject matter is directed to a method, then whether its focus is on a natural subject matter, and lastly, whether there is presence of additional elements which combine the natural principle into the claimed invention in a way that the natural principle is practically applied.[34] In Mayo Collaborative Services v Promethues Laboratories, the diagnostic claim was held to be a law of nature and not patentable.[35] The process is something that has been well understood, and involves routine and traditional activity that has been practiced by researchers earlier.[36] There is no additional element such as innovation and inventive step that could otherwise make it patentable.[37] The court thought that patent law should not discourage further discovery by restricting the future use of law of nature in an inappropriate manner.[38] Mayo was followed in AMP v USTPO, where the genetic diagnostic in vitro test was held to be patentable ineligible.[39] It was held that the mental act of comparing gene sequences falls under the exception of abstract mental process. Besides, it also failed the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"machine-or-transformation testà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, which requires a particular article to be transformed into a different state or thing.[40] In short, patents for diagnostic genetic in vitro test in the US has been invalidated in this case .[41] Impact of Diagnostic Patents All these while, there has been a lot of controversy surrounding the granting of patents for diagnostic tests. In Europe, it has been argued that in vitro test should also be excluded from patentability. After all, the rationale behind the exclusion for ordinary diagnostic methods is partly due to the accessibility to health care methods, and there seems to be no reason why in vitro methods should be treated differently.[42] Thus, it is argued that in vitro method should also be governed by a similar health care concern. There are also some issues regarding whether patents for diagnostic testing are not overbroad.[43] For example, in the context of BRCA1 patents, broad claims are submitted, not only the gene sequences are claimed, but also a number of other predictive diagnostic tests, and sometimes even some gene therapy claims.[44] This seems to be categorized as reach-through claims and they could cause problems that will be discussed l ater.[45] Also, broad patents that cover almost all likely conceivable tests could stifle investment as there is no further incentive to develop and improve the tests.[46] Argument against Diagnostic Patents Research and Development Patents can have a negative impact on the development of better diagnostic tests and the research into disease, where the patented test is not widely licensed.[47] Even if it is widely licensed, royalty fees will still limit access.[48] The Institute Curie argued that the monopoly will eventually cause a loss of expertise and information among research scientists and physicians because they are prevented from improving diagnostic technologies and method, therefore not under any position to further their research.[49] For example, under Myriadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s superior position, it enjoys the advantage of receiving all the DNA samples from high-risk individuals and build up its genetic data bank, thus providing itself strong control over main r esearch materials, at the expense of other researchers.[50] Besides, Professor Stratton claimed that the impact of patents on research is unacceptable because most research in the private sector will not be carried out due to the fear that the commercial value of their research will eventually be owned by the company having monopoly in the diagnostic test.[51] A survey conducted among 74 laboratory physicians indicated that 48 percent have not developed a clinical test due to patents, while 25 percent put aside a clinical test they had developed after receiving letters from patent holder claiming infringement.[52] For example, testing for breast cancer, Canavan disease, Charcot-Marie-tooth disease and Alzheimerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s disease have been stopped because of this.[53] Besides, researchers are of the opinion that patents imposed on the use of test can undermine their activities as unknown genetic mutation could well be disclosed by diagnostic testing.[54] Moreover, in o rder to validate and extend the early discovery of a disease gene, there must be an increased clinical studies and this becomes inconvenient and high-priced when access to the patented subject-matter is restricted.[55] Also, Dr Judy Kirk claimed that genetic research would be stifled because the research study is unable to pay for the amount of genetic testing that is ridiculously priced.[56] Patient Access Patent protection can also be a great stumbling block to competition and in turn compromise the benefits that a free market can bring to the industry.[57] From a consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective, patents can result in the price for the in vitro test being very expensive because the patent owner is not under any price restraints imposed by competition in the industry.[58] Another reason for the high cost is due to the need to pay for royalties for each patent, known as royalty stacking.[59] This was exactly what happened in Myriad.[60] Thus, access to the test is onl y available to those who can afford to pay the inflated price and this is definitely not in the best interest of society. Apart from this, patents would result in a single provider having a monopoly over the particular genetic test, thus disabling patients from accessing alternative testing as double confirmation or as a second opinion.[61] Patents can potentially cause the concentration of expertise to be vested in one single provider who holds the patent rights, and in turn negatively affect quality and validation, ultimately having a detrimental effect on patient access.[62] Arguments for Patents of Diagnostic Tests As we move beyond the improperly restricted view of patents, we would come to realize that there is also considerable support for patents of diagnostic methods, including in vitro methods. It must be noted that nowadays in vitro diagnostics plays an important role in providing diagnostic solutions for a huge amount of diseases, it is also the initial step in the whole treatment process, and that patents has played an important role in this.[63] Research and Development As has been argued that patents could potentially stifle research and developments in terms of health care improvement, a broad exclusion of patents could also have the same result[64] In fact, this situation is worse as it will happen at an early stage of research while innovators still need to rely heavily on venture capital to fund the years of research.[65] Moreover, the royalty fee paid by academic researchers is much lower than what is paid by commercial researchers.[66] This is in the interest of society as social cost of patents is minimized while the profits of patent holders are increased and this allows a wider market to be exploited.[67] Acknowledging the need to develop such test for health care, investments should be encouraged instead of being deterred.[68] In fact, empirical studies have indicated that exclusivity creates incentives for develop ment of diagnostic tests.[69] Moreover, innovation and invention both demand foresight, planning and organization in the employment of resources, and this arguably could not be achieved without the rights of a patent.[70] Disclosure of Information It should be noted that in the absence of patent protection, part of the know-how may never be disclosed and in turn affect cost of research for people seeking to develop such tests.[71] The rationale behind this is that no company would be willing to invest in creating a valuable database if value of the data can anyhow be acquired by competitors.[72] The SACGHS report has in fact indicated that the absence of patent protection promotes secrecy, and this is not in the interest of society because people are denied new knowledge.[73] Increased Investments It has been argued that patent protection would lead to exorbitant cost for test. However, these social costs should be tolerated as they are outweighed by the market advant age of an increased investment in innovation arising from patents.[74] This is in the public interest, thereby justifying it as having a net social benefit.[75] Besides, academic commentators have opined that high profitable returns resulting from the use of patent is what attracts investors to devote to long run commitments.[76] Moreover, without a patent system, the problem of free-riding will result in a market that undersupplies inventions.[77] The patent system focuses on correcting this market failure.[78] On a side note, in the very recent case of Ambry v Myriad, it is ruled that before Myriadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s patent claims has been struck down, other competing test on the market are still allowed.[79] Thus it can be seen that competition in the genetic testing market is necessary for the benefits of consumers.[80] Patient Access Despite various arguments on the negative impact of patents on patient access, evidence has shown that these patents are not really a proble m in Europe because they are generally ignored.[81] In the US, Barbara Weber has also expressed that patents such as the Myriad diagnostic patent has not in any way affected patient access.[82] It might be true that Myriad has the only clinical test, it is also the only lab which is capable of doing it right with of the resources they own.[83] On the other hand, one of the biggest problems that patients who need a diagnostic testing service have to struggle with is insurance reimbursement.[84] The patent system provides incentives for patent holders to collaborate with insurance companies and overcome this problem.[85] Besides, with regards to BRCA testing, patents have empowered patients to take control of their genetic information, considering the fact that medical establishment has limited patient access to this information.[86] Solutions Despite the potential for patents to have negative impact on various issues discussed above, there are several ways to deal with the o bjections against diagnostic patents in particular. Research Exemption Patent law in Europe has the feature of research exemption that permits researchers to use a patented material without infringing the rights of the patent holder. In fact, most countries in Europe have such provisions that achieve the same effect.[87] This also applies to both the DNA sequence and diagnostic or screening methods thus exempting fundamental research from any infringement. Therefore, the concern about patent having a stifling effect on research is theoretical, at least in Europe. However, it must be noted that exact scope of these exemption differs between countries, and such provision does not exist in the US.[88] Government Intervention While it is true that patents would cause the price of the diagnostic test to increase, acting against it predominantly for this reason will however not be an appropriate strategy because patent law is not a price regulating instrument.[89] The denial o f patent would not necessarily make the price lower even though it admittedly would do so in certain cases.[90] Thus, the more effective strategy of influencing the cost of such health care services is government intervention such as imposing maximum prices, funding and organization, as seen in many European countries.[91] Conclusion In conclusion, the patentability of gene and diagnostic methods differs in the US and Europe. Patents on diagnostic test have advantages as well as disadvantages. Nevertheless, there is sufficient evidence that the patent system has functioned satisfactorily for the dissemination of knowledge and the development of technology, and has no doubt benefited the society ultimately.[92] Therefore, any disadvantages seems to have been outweighed by the advantages discussed above. In all, the disadvantages may not be a good reason to overhaul the patent system for diagnostic tests, as these problems may also be solved by ways discussed above. [1] European Patent Convention 2000, Art 52(1) [2] ibid [3] ibid, Rule 43(1) [4] ibid, Rule 43(1)(a) [5] ibid, Rule 42(1)(c) [6] ibid, Art 52(2) [7] ibid, Art 52(3) [8] Patents Act 1977 [9] ibid, s 4A(1)(b). [10] 35 United States Code 101 [11] ibid, MPEP s 2104 [12] ibid, MPEP s 2106 [13] ibid [14] Case C-377/98 Kingdom of the Netherlands v European Parliament and Council of the European Union [2001] ECR I-7079 [15] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf accessed 4 May 2015 [16] ibid [17] ibid [18] Antamanid BPatG, GRUR 1978, as cited in Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/do cs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf [19] Stephen Merrill, Richard Levin, Mark Myers, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Patent System for the 21st Centuryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ www.nap.edu/html/patentsystem/0309089107.pdf accessed 23 April 2015 [20] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf accessed 4 May 2015 [21] Diamond v Chakrabarty [1980] 447 US 303 [22] Naomi Hawkins, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"An exception to infringement for genetic testingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) 43(6) IIC 641-661 [23] Association for Molecular Pathology v Myriads Genetics [2013] WL 2631062 [24] ibid [25] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf a ccessed 4 May 2015 [26] ibid [27] European Patent Convention 2000, Art 53(c) [28] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf accessed 4 May 2015 [29] [30] [31] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf accessed 4 May 2015 [32] ibid [33] ibid [34] USTPO, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Evaluating Subject Matter Eligibility under 35 USC 101à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/patents/law/exam/101_training_aug2012.pdf accessed 25 April 2015 [35] Mayo Collaborative Services v Promethues Laboratories [2012] 566 US ___ [36] ibid [37] ibid [38] ibid [39] Association for Molecular Pathology v Myriads Genetics [2013] WL 2631062 [40] Case Report, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"United States of America: Patent Act, 35 U.S.C. s.101 AMP v USPTO and Myriadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2011) 42(8) IIC 976 [41] ibid [42] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf accessed 4 May 2015 [43] ibid [44] ibid [45] ibid [46] ibid [47] David Booton, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patents for Diagnostic Tools : An Economic Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) 3 IPQ 187-213 [48] SACGHS, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Gene Patents and Licensing Practices and their impact on Patient Access to Genetic Testsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://osp.od.nih.gov/sites/default/files/SACGHS_patents_report_2010.pdf accessed 1 May 2015 [49] Matthew Rimmer, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Myriad Genetics : Patent Law and Genetic Testingà ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2003) 25 EIPR 20-33 [50] ibid [51] ibid [52] College of American Pathologists, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Statement to the Secretaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health and Societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.cap.org/apps/docs/advocacy/comments/SACGHS_comments_gene_patents.pdf accessed 28 April 2015 [53] ibid [54] David Booton, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patents for Diagnostic Tools : An Economic Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) 3 IPQ 187-213 [55] ibid [56] Matthew Rimmer, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Myriad Genetics : Patent Law and Genetic Testingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2003) 25 EIPR 20-33 [57] David Booton, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patents for Diagnostic Tools : An Economic Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) 3 IPQ 187-213 [58] ibid [59] Naomi Hawkins, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"An exception to infringement for genetic testingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) 43(6) IIC 641-661 [60] Association for Molecular Pathology v Myriads Genetics [2013] WL 2631062 [61] Naomi Hawkins, à ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã‹Å"An exception to infringement for genetic testingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) 43(6) IIC 641-661 [62] ibid [63] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf accessed 4 May 2015 [64] ibid [65] Christopher Holman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Critical Role of Patents in the Development, Commercialization, and Utilization of Innovative Genetic Diagnostic Testsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://cpip.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Holman-Christoher-The-Critical-Role-of-Patents-in-Genetic-Diagnostic-Tests.pdf accessed 4 May 2014 [66] David Booton, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patents for Diagnostic Tools : An Economic Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) 3 IPQ 187-213 [67] ibid [68] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluati onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf accessed 4 May 2015 [69] SACGHS, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Gene Patents and Licensing Practices and their impact on Patient Access to Genetic Testsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://osp.od.nih.gov/sites/default/files/SACGHS_patents_report_2010.pdf accessed 1 May 2015 [70] David Booton, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patents for Diagnostic Tools : An Economic Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) 3 IPQ 187-213 [71] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patenting DNA Sequences (Polynucleotides) and Scope of Protection in the European Union : An Evaluationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) https://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/invent/patentingdna_en.pdf accessed 4 May 2015 [72] Christopher Holman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Critical Role of Patents in the Development, Commercialization, and Utilization of Innovative Genetic Diagnostic Testsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://cpip.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Holman-Christoher- The-Critical-Role-of-Patents-in-Genetic-Diagnostic-Tests.pdf accessed 4 May 2014 [73] SACGHS, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Gene Patents and Licensing Practices and their impact on Patient Access to Genetic Testsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://osp.od.nih.gov/sites/default/files/SACGHS_patents_report_2010.pdf accessed 1 May 2015 [74] David Vaver, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sprucing Up Patent Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1879206 accessed 1 May 2015 [75] ibid [76] Zorina Khan, Kenneth Sokoloff, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Institutions and Technological Innovation During Early Economic Growth : Evidence from the Great Inventors of the United States, 1790-1930à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2004) American Economic Review 395-401 [77] David Vaver, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sprucing Up Patent Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1879206 accessed 1 May 2015 [78] David Booton, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Patents for Diagnostic Tools : An Economic Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2013) 3 IPQ 187-213 [79] John Conley, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"District Court Denies Myriadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Preliminary Injunction Against Ambryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.genomicslawreport.com/index.php/2014/03/18/district-court-denies-myriads-preliminary-injunction-against-ambry accessed 27 April 2015 [80] ibid [81] Naomi Hawkins, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"An exception to infringement for genetic testingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) 43(6) IIC 641-661 [82] Matthew Rimmer, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Myriad Genetics : Patent Law and Genetic Testingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2003) 25 EIPR 20-33 [83] ibid [84] Christopher Holman, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Critical Role of Patents in the Development, Commercialization, and Utilization of Innovative Genetic Diagnostic Testsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://cpip.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Holman-Christoher-The-Critical-Role-of-Patents-in-Genetic-Diagnostic-Tests.pdf accessed 4 May 2014 [85] ibid [86] ibid [87] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A test too far? A Critical Analysis of the non-patentability of Diagnostic Methods and Consequences of BRCA1 Gene Type Patents in Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2003) 5(4) BSLR 111 [88] https://osp.od.nih.gov/sites/default/files/SACGHS_patents_report_2010.pdf accessed 1 May 2015 [89] ibid [90] ibid [91] Naomi Hawkins, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"An exception to infringement for genetic testingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2012) 43(6) IIC 641-661 [92] Sven Bostyn, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A test too far? A Critical Analysis of the non-patentability of Diagnostic Methods and Consequences of BRCA1 Gene Type Patents in Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2003) 5(4) BSLR 111